So, here’s the general breakdown:
You have a hidden MMR for the format, it doesn’t matter what deck you are playing, the same number gets used. That’s why top 100 players don’t start suddenly playing lower legend players if they queue up with say, imbue priest.
This number is what the game uses to determine who you play against, not your current rank bracket. Bronze, gold, silver, etc, are all ignored in favor of this invisible number. The one exception to this is that the game will try to avoid pairing up someone in legend with someone outside of legend. If there are no other players in the right MMR range, it will eventually allow it though.
When you win, your MMR goes up. When you lose, it goes down. If it is at least 3.0 at the end of the month (thanks RHat for confirming), you get the 11x star bonus for the next climb. (Although you have no way to check if you are at that number or not)
When you are in legend, the ranks now show numbers, but these are also not your MMR. It is just a measure of how your MMR value compares to the other people currently in legend. So if you are 2000 legend, there are 1999 people in legend with a higher hidden MMR than you. There may be people with a higher MMR than you that are not yet in legend, but they aren’t counted in that legend rank until they actually get there. This is why early in a month people in legend tend to see their ranks “dropping” quickly, as people with higher MMRs are entering legend and pushing them down the ranks.
At no point does the game tell you your hidden MMR value, but when in legend you can often estimate it. Typically around the top 10% of the players in legend tend to have MMR values where they get the 11x bonus (i.e. at 3.0 or above).
I hope this helps.