How fun. Elementary school math!
Each turn is a SpecificCard (SC) out of RemainingCards (RC) to draw. (in your case, 9 dupes out of 30 for turn 1 and then (f) RC = N–1; or RC minus 1 for each turn).
If you have 30 cards and you have 9 of something in there, your first draw is 9/30.
For the mulligan there’s a chance, at each card to draw 1 in X (or, card 1 has a 9 in 30 chance). HS shouldn’t give you the same card back that you mulligan, so realistically, without the coin, if you didn’t have one of the dupes, you should have started with a 9/27, then a 9/26, then a 9/25 (or a ~35% to ~38% chance to draw a card, just over 1 in 3 to draw a dupe). If you didn’t, the next card would be a 9/26 again, because the pool went back to 27 cards vs the mulligan where you can drop the pool to 27 cards to begin with.
So you have that and you’re on your second card and you HAVE NOT drawn your 1/9 dupe cards. The 2nd card is now 9/26. This repeats each time until you draw your card.
9/N+9/N-1+9/N-2 if you have not drawn your card by the 21st card you will have 100% chance for each card (9/9, 8/8, 7/7).
If you do draw the card, the odds to draw another reduce for the following card.
9/27 and you draw one. The next one will be 8/26, then 8/25 until you draw one.
roughly speaking 9/30 = 30% chance to draw, or just under 1 in 3 chance to draw that 1 of 9 dupe. Those odds go up each time you draw a card and DON’T draw a dupe, but not by a lot. Every card is 1/30th a chance to draw.
Your odds of drawing all 9 in the first 9 draws: 6.98951224e-8… pretty slim. That’s the near astronomical number.
To not draw a card you have 9 copies of each turn starts at ~70% and drops to ~57% by the 10th turn. Meaning, you have a ~43% chance to draw a card of the 9 dupes in the remaining 21 cards. You do not hit 100% until the 21st card, when there are 9 left. or 9/9=1 represented as a fraction.
I know it doesn’t sound astronomical… because it isn’t.