To an extent, yes, clusters of decks do appear because by win rate they will have a tendency to clump up. That’s usually not what the rigged crowd is talking about.
They usually complain more that they’ll be running into a wall of counter decks, change decks, and immediately a new wall of different counter decks is suddenly waiting for them because the game wants them to lose more.
You can absolutely see some of the clustering you describe naturally occurring as you notice that deck distributions shift at each rank bracket. Some decks are super common in gold, but vanish by top legend. There are multiple reasons for this, but it is partially the effect you observed in your original post.
The matchmaking system is best described as pseudo-random.
The deck distributions per rank and what people are choosing to play that day are not particularly random.
What players are available the moment you hit play to get the fastest is somewhat random, so you end up over time having a matchmaking spread similar to the distribution of what’s being played at your rank bracket.
The game certainly isn’t looking to counter queue you, as you said, just the basic nature of a ranking system will lead to you being more likely to lose the more you win for various reasons (different decks, higher skilled players, etc.).
But you still expect that if you just keep queueing in the same rank range, that you will have your match spread look very much like what you observe in meta reports, as your matches are functionally close enough to a randomized distribution.
Yes, there will be streaks in there, but given enough games played, the argument that the system is seeking out control decks to counter your aggro deck or vice versa falls apart very quickly.