As far as I am aware, the answer is no.
When you are levelling, you are offered the opportunity to use Chromie Time to level through one particular expansion (or two, in the case of Classic/Cataclysm) which matches your character to the level of that particular expansion.
But it doesn’t work if you go to expansion zones outside of the Chromie Time ones. You will quickly outlevel those and there is no way to maintain any challenge. You can change your choice of expansion in Chromie Time but the limitations still apply outside it. As you mentioned, Level 60 is the highest you can go via normal questing methods. The game is designed for players to work towards the current cap expansion after that.
I could be wrong (I am under the effects of sleeplessness atm) and if so others Im sure can correct me.