What happened is that the server does not immediately remove you from the queue or see you as disconnected for a few seconds. During that time, you can still be paired into a Competitive Match and the “queue dodging” rule then applies. Players like myself can lend a hand in the technical support forum, if you are disconnecting frequently but it is a good idea to start with these basic steps first if you are disconnecting frequently:
Unfortunately penalties must still stand, but it should be easy to recover your SR as your MMR is likely out of alignment, and if you only have the starting penalty of a 10 minute suspension, you should be able to start playing again after taking time to check any possible problems on your end. Details about the leaver policy can be found here: