This is an interesting question… I think each industry, government entity, etc has a slightly different tale. However, I’m going to try to give my take on this question for the tech industry, speaking as a mid-career woman working as a dev for another big corporation.
I think we are where we are now: not enough women in leadership positions because of the overall pipeline: from students, to hires, to retention.
1.) Students – I know it’s hard to imagine for many in my generation or younger, but the average person did not necessarily use the internet 30-40 years ago. This is a relatively new field of study and most of the people who studied this field were the ‘nerds’ which unfortunately had a large stigma against women in the 80s/90s. Society taught: video games, computers, tech were ‘boy’ things by both dads and moms. Nowdays, I think the percentage of students who are female studying to become software engineers has improved, but that has only recently blossomed in the past 5-10 years… and it takes time to build rapport and experience to lead, which leads me to my next point…
2.) Hiring: When I graduated from college, I was actively advised to not apply to gaming companies as a woman. I was told there was a guarantee that I would be harassed and that I should take my skills elsewhere, where they would be respected. Given my last point, the percentage of female students in the US graduating with a degree in computers science is still only 20-30% last I checked (mirroring the percentage of the US industry workforce). So, this poses a hiring challenge to promote diversity…which is, as I said, for the gaming industry specifically compounded by female engineers, like myself, being told by other female engineers to avoid pursuing a career in the gaming industry lest you be harassed.
3.) Retention: Unfortunately, especially in the US, most of my female friends who have left the industry do so because they have decided to become a mother and their company(ies) did not provide enough equitable support through their pregnancy and/or when they had to support their young children. The lawsuit shows some of the more horrific examples of how mothers are treated, but there is also a larger societal almost… looking down upon women for continuing to work through early motherhod. I will not also deny that I have friends who have quit the industry as well due to sexual harassment or micro-aggression burnout as well.
So, these three things form a kind of guantlet for women in the tech industry to make it to leadership positions within companies. You need experience and good reputation in the industry to be trusted into a leadership position, just business.
There are multiple things that need to change to fix the tech industry, and many of these things are going to require at least 1-2 more generations to fix, in my opinion.