The main reasons the hearthstone system works are
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They reset your rank but not the matchmaker rating so you still play people who are engaging at your previous level, you just get bonuses for winning up to a point close to your old rank to get you back with decent competition.
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Those bonuses to your gains early on make it tolerable to grind the low ranks each season since it takes less games the higher you made it the previous season.
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The “checkpoints” only really work because of the season resets combined with the other factors. Without those the checkpoints being in OW would only really encourage boosting since you could pay someone to get you to gm and you’d never be able to drop out of it.
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And this is the most important one, it’s only a 1v1 game, so it doesn’t matter if you’re not at your rank or MMR is not yet accurate as you can rely on yourself to win your way there. There’s no teammates as a variable for you and if you get lucky or (more frequently) take advantage of a broken deck before it gets nerfed, then you can’t become a liability at the higher rank. Not to mention it’s a lot easier to translate systems based on the ELO system for chess to 1v1 games like chess where your performance means win or loss alone, there’s no (or at least less) “do well on a loss or did poorly but won anyway”.
Different games can take advantage of different systems, but that doesn’t mean there aren’t things that they can borrow from each other.