The second node unlocked removes all level requirements. So, you just need a diamond. Sand salvaging Soul Shards provides 90k for the 3 Imperial Gems, or 900k if you get a Flawless Royal. You only need 311k to upgrade the Blacksmith fully.
Now, this comes down to when the next season starts.
The route I took in the PTR:
Level a Necro to 18, as they can level faster than any other class. At this point, just face boss bounties, as at 18, you can get diamonds. 2 of these to craft a flawless diamond to upgrade the second altar node. At this point, you just need a Death’s Breath and gold. So, you have to find a vision, and preferably a floor with blue elites. Now, to be fair, it does seem like they nerfed the DB drop rate along with the Greater Rift Key drop rate, but you should be able to find at least one in a Vision.
As for the gold, keep fighting bosses. You can either face them on Normal, which will require multiple runs to get the necessary Soul Shards. On Normal Difficulty, the drop rate is roughly a 33% chance. This will take on average 12 runs to get the necessary gems to sell for gold. You could also swap gear to a temporary character, and face T6 bosses with your Level 1. On T6, it’s about an 80% drop rate. This will take roughly 5 runs, but killing the boss will be a bit slower.
Darkening of Tristram approach
If the season starts in January, there’s farming The Butcher and Skeleton King in the Darkening of Tristram approach. Not sure of the drop rate there, but I assume it’s the same. However, killing the boss has a potential to drop all 7 shards at once. This will cover your gold, and a fairly good chance at getting a diamond. This will be the fastest approach to getting the altar unlocked.
Through multiple tests on the PTR, while I could hit 18 by the 10 minute mark, it was roughly around the 26 minute mark on average before I had the gems necessary for the unlock and for gold. With the Darkening of Tristram, this should be about 10 minutes.
Now, one other thing to consider about using your Cache. If you play multiple modes, remember that you need a separate cache for each node. HC, HC SSF, SC, SC SSF. So, if you plan on having characters in each, you’re looking at 4 weeks minimum.